Fillable Printable Running Head: LEARNING TO FORMAT PAPERS
Fillable Printable Running Head: LEARNING TO FORMAT PAPERS
Running Head: LEARNING TO FORMAT PAPERS
Learning to Format Papers
Running Head: LEARNING TO FORMAT PAPERS
Learning to Format Papers
in APA Style
Susie Student
ENGL 135-C
January 10, 2002
DeVry University
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Learning to Format Papers
APA Documentation
General Format
Your paper should be typed, double-spaced on standard-sized paper (8.5 X 11
inches) with margins of 1 inch on all sides. Your final paper should include, in the
order indicated below, as many of the following sections as are applicable, each of
which should begin on a separate page:
title page, which includes a running head for publication (also set
“header” so the running head title appears on each page with page
number), title, name, class, date, and school
abstract
text
references
appendixes
author note
footnotes/endnotes
tables
figure captions
figures
Consecutively number the pages of your manuscript, beginning with the title page, as
part of the manuscript header in the upper right corner of each page. Your references
should begin on a separate page from the text of the essay with the title References
(with no quotation marks, underlining, etc.), centered at the top of the page. Similarly
format appendices and notes.
Look at the title page for this handout. Note how it includes the running head and
page number in the upper right hand corner, defines the running head that will title all
manuscript pages, and centers the title in the middle of the page. If your professor
requires a different format for the title page, without question follow the professor’s
guidelines.
Documentation
Any time you use information from a source, whether you paraphrase, summarize, or
quote it, you must document the source. Documentation includes two parts:
parenthetical (also called in-text) citations and a References list. The citations refer
the reader to the References page for complete source information.
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Learning to Format Papers
Handling Documentation in Your Text
When using APA format for summaries and paraphrases, follow the author-date
method of citation. This means that the author's last name and the year of
publication for the source should appear in the text, and a complete reference should
appear in the reference list at the end of the paper.
When using APA format for quotations, follow the author-date method of citation
and include the page number(s) on which the original material is found.
Examples:
Jones (1998) compared student performance ...
In a recent study of student performance (Jones, 1998),
...
In 1998, Jones compared student performance ...
If there is no author to cite, such as when you are citing a web page or article
that lists no author, use an abbreviated version of the title in quotation
marks to substitute for the name of the author.
Webber did a similar study of students learning to
format research papers ("Using APA," 2001).
If you are citing a work that has no author, no date, and no page numbers,
use the rst few words from the title, then the abbreviation n.d. (for
"no date"), and then use paragraph numbers (if available) or simply
leave out any reference to pages.
In another study of students and research decisions,
it was discovered that students succeeded with
tutoring ("Tutoring and APA," n.d.).
Short Quotations
To indicate quotations of fewer than 40 words in your text, enclose the quotation
within double quotation marks. Provide the author, year, and specific page citation in
the text, and include a complete reference in the reference list. Punctuation marks,
such as periods, commas, and semicolons, should appear after the parenthetical
citation. Question marks and exclamation points should appear within the quotation
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Learning to Format Papers
marks if they are a part of the quotation but after the parenthetical citation if they are a
part of your text.
Examples:
She stated, "Students often had difficulty using APA
style," (Jones, 1998, p. 199), but she did not offer an
explanation as to why.
According to Jones (1998), "Students often had
difficulty using APA style, especially when it was
their first time" (p. 199).
Jones (1998) found "students often had difficulty using
APA style" (p. 199); what implications does this have
for teachers?
Long Quotations (block quotes)
Place quotations longer than 40 words in a freestanding block of typewritten lines,
and omit quotation marks. Start the quotation on a new line, indented one inch from
the left margin. Type the entire quotation on the new margin, and indent the first line
of any subsequent paragraph within the quotation one-half inch from the new margin.
(You should manually tab over to the one-inch mark for the first line, then use hanging
indentation set at one inch for subsequent lines.) Maintain double-spacing throughout.
The parenthetical citation should come after the closing punctuation mark.
Example:
Jones's 1993 study found the following:
Students often had difficulty using APA
style, especially when it was their first
time citing sources. This difficulty could
be attributed to the fact that many students
failed to purchase a style manual or to ask
their teacher for help. (p. 199)
Choosing double or single quotation marks
If you are using a short quotation that includes quotation marks within it,
use single quotation marks to set o! the material that was originally in
quotation marks. If you are using a block quotation that includes quotation
marks within it, use double quotation marks to set o! the material that was
originally in quotation marks.
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Learning to Format Papers
Your Reference List
Your reference list should appear at the end of your paper. It provides the information
necessary for a reader to locate and retrieve any source you cite in the body of the
paper. Each source you cite in the paper must appear in your reference list; likewise,
you must cite in your text each entry in the reference list. Your references should
begin on a separate page from the text of the essay. Center the title References (with
no quotation marks, underlining, etc.) at the top of the page. It should be double-
spaced just like the rest of your paper. (See page 12 of this handout for a sample
reference list.)
Basic Rules
Invert (last name first) authors' names; give the last name and initials for all
authors of a particular work.
Alphabetize the reference list by authors' last names.
If you have more than one work by a particular author, order the works by
publication date, oldest to newest (thus a 1991 article would appear before a
1996 article).
When an author appears both as a sole author and, in another citation, as the
first author of a group, list the one-author entries first.
If no author is given for a particular source, alphabetize using the title of the work,
which will be listed in place of the author, and use a shortened version of the title
for parenthetical citations.
Use "&" instead of "and" when listing multiple authors of a single work (in text
citations, too).
Indent all lines after the first line of each entry in your reference list one-half inch
from the left margin. This is called hanging indentation.
Capitalize only the first word of a title and subtitle of a work.
Italicize titles of books and journals. Note that the italics in example entries
often continue beneath commas and periods.
Do not place article titles in quotation marks.
Basic Forms for Sources in Print
An article in a periodical (e.g., a journal, newspaper, or magazine)
Author, A. A., Author, B. B., & Author, C. C. (Year, add
month and day of publication for daily, weekly, or
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Learning to Format Papers
monthly publications). Title of article. Title of
periodical, volume number, pages.
NOTE: You need list only the volume number if the periodical uses
continuous pagination throughout a particular volume. If each issue
begins with page 1, then you should list the issue number as well: Title
of Periodical, Volume (Issue), pages.
A nonperiodical (e.g., book, report, brochure, or audiovisual media)
Author, A. A. (Year of publication). Title of work:
Capital letter also for subtitle. Location: Publisher.
NOTE: For "Location," you should always list the city, but you should
also include the state if the city is unfamiliar or if the city could be
confused with one in another state.
Part of a nonperiodical (e.g., a book chapter or an article in a collection)
Author, A. A., & Author, B. B. (Year of publication).
Title of chapter. In A. Editor & B. Editor (Eds.),
Title of book (pages of chapter). Location: Publisher.
NOTE: When you list the pages of the chapter or essay in parentheses
after the book title, use "pp." before the numbers: (pp. 1-21). This
abbreviation, however, does not appear before the page numbers in
periodical references.
Basic Forms for Electronic Sources
Article in an Internet Periodical
Author, A. A., & Author, B. B. (Date of publication).
Title of article. Title of journal, volume number
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Learning to Format Papers
(issue if available). Retrieved month day, year, from
http://Web address.
Nonperiodical Internet Document (e.g., a Web page or report)
Author, A. A., & Author, B. B. (Date of publication).
Title of article. Retrieved month date, year, from
http://Web address.
NOTE: When an Internet document is more than one Web page,
provide a URL that links to the home page or entry page for the
document. Also, if there is no date available for the document, use (n.d.)
for no date.
Part of Nonperiodical Internet Document
Author, A. A., & Author, B. B. (Date of publication).
Title of article. In Title of book or larger document
(chapter or section number). Retrieved from http://Web
address.
Examples
The Publication Manual of the American Psychological Association provides extensive
examples covering a wide variety of potential sources. Below are some of the most
commonly cited kinds of sources. If your particular source is not listed below, use the
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Learning to Format Papers
basic forms (above) to determine the correct format, check the Publication Manual, or
consult www.apastyle.org/.
Journal article, one author
Harlow, H. F. (1983). Fundamentals for preparing
psychology journal articles. Journal of Comparative
and Physiological Psychology, 55, 893-896.
Journal article, three to six authors
Kernis, M. H., Cornell, D. P., Sun, C. R., Berry, A., &
Harlow, T. (1993). There's more to self-esteem than
whether it is high or low: The importance of stability
of self-esteem. Journal of Personality and Social
Psychology, 65, 1190-1204.
Journal article, more than six authors
Harris, M., Karper, E., Stacks, G., Hoffman, D., DeNiro,
R., Cruz, P., et al. (2001). Writing labs and the
Hollywood connection. Journal of Film and Writing,
44(3), 213-245.
NOTE: The phrase et al. stands for "and others."
Work discussed in a secondary source
Coltheart, M., Curtis, B., Atkins, P., & Haller, M.
(1993). Models of reading aloud:Dual-route and
parallel-distributed-processing approaches.
Psychological Review, 100, 589-608.
NOTE: Give the secondary source in the references list; in the
text, name the original work, and give a citation for the
secondary source. For example, if Seidenberg and McClelland's
work is cited in Coltheart et al. and you did not read the
original work, list the Coltheart et al. reference in the
References. In the text, use the following citation:
In Seidenberg and McClelland's study (as cited in
Coltheart, Curtis, Atkins, & Haller, 1993), ...
Magazine article, one author
Henry, W. A., III. (1990, April 9). Making the grade in
today's schools. Time, 135, 28-31.
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Learning to Format Papers
Book
Calfee, R. C., & Valencia, R. R. (1991). APA guide to
preparing manuscripts for journal publication.
Washington, DC: American Psychological Association.
An article or chapter of a book
O'Neil, J. M., & Egan, J. (1992). Men's and women's gender
role journeys: Metaphor for healing, transition, and
transformation. In B. R. Wainrib (Ed.), Gender issues
across the life cycle (pp. 107-123). New York:
Springer.
A government publication
National Institute of Mental Health. (1990). Clinical
training in serious mental illness (DHHS Publication
No. ADM 90-1679). Washington, DC: U.S. Government
Printing Office.
A book or article with no author or editor named
Merriam-Webster's collegiate dictionary (10th ed.).(1993).
Springfield, MA: Merriam-Webster.
New drug appears to sharply cut risk of death from heart
failure. (1993, July 15). The Washington Post, p. A12.
NOTE: For parenthetical citations of sources with no author named, use
a shortened version of the title instead of an author's name. Use
quotation marks and italics as appropriate. For example, parenthetical
citations of the two sources above would appear as follows: (Merriam-
Webster's, 1993) and ("New Drug," 1993).
A translated work and/or a republished work
Laplace, P. S. (1951). A philosophical essay on
probabilities (F. W. Truscott & F. L. Emory, Trans.).
New York: Dover. (Original work published 1814)
NOTE: When you cite this work in text, it should appear with both dates:
Laplace (1814/1951).
A review of a book, film, television program, etc.
Baumeister, R. F. (1993). Exposing the self-knowledge myth
[Review of the book The self-knower: A hero under
control]. Contemporary Psychology, 38, 466-467.
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Learning to Format Papers
An entry in an encyclopedia
Bergmann, P. G. (1993). Relativity. In The new
encyclopedia britannica (Vol. 26, pp. 501-508).
Chicago: Encyclopedia Britannica.
An online journal article
Kenneth, I. A. (2000). A Buddhist response to the nature
of human rights. Journal of Buddhist Ethics, 8(4).
Retrieved February 20, 2001, from:
http://www.cac.psu.edu/jbe/twocont.html
Chapter or section of an online document
The Foundation for a Better World. (2000). Pollution and
banana cream pie.In Great chefs cook with
chlorofluorocarbons and carbon monoxide (Chap. 3).
Retrieved July 13, 2001, from:
http://www.bamm.com/cream/pollution/bananas.htm
NOTE: Use a chapter or section identifier and provide a URL that links
directly to the chapter section, not the home page of the Web site.
Message posted to an online newsgroup, forum, or discussion group
Frook, B. D. (1999, July 23). New inventions in the
cyberworld of toylandia [Msg 25]. Message posted to
http://groups.earthlink.com/forum/messages/00025.html
NOTE: If only the screen name is available for the author, then use it.
Be sure to provide the exact date of the posting. Follow the date with the
subject line, the thread of the message (not in italics). Provide any
identifiers in brackets after the title, as in other types of references.
An article retrieved from the DeVry Orlando Faulkner database
Barr, J. (2001). Optical disk storage technology.
Retrieved August 7, 2001, from the Faulkner database:
http://www.faulkner.com/products.faccts/00005785.html
An article retrieved from the DeVry Orlando Proquest database
DeNike, K. (2001, August). Firewire 16x CD-RW drives.
Macworld, 18 (8), 28-29. Retrieved August 10, 2001, from the
Proquest database: http://proquest.umi.com/
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Learning to Format Papers
A Note on Notes
Because long explanatory notes can be distracting to readers, APA style guidelines
recommend the use of endnotes/footnotes. In the text, place a superscript numeral
immediately after the text about which you would like to include more information
(e.g., Scientists examined the fossilized remains of the wooly-wooly yak.
1
) Number
the notes consecutively in the order they appear in your paper. At the end of the
paper, create a separate page titled Notes (centered at the top of the page). Below
are examples of two kinds of notes.
1. evaluative bibliographic comments
1. See Blackmur (1995), especially chapters three and
four, for an insightful analysis of this extraordinary
animal.
2. On the problems related to yaks, see Wollens (1989, pp.
120-135); for a contrasting view, see Pyle (1992).
2. explanatory or additional information considered too digressive for the main
text
3. In a recent interview, she (Weller, 1998) reiterated
this point even more strongly: "I am an artist, not a
yak!" (p. 124).
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